{"id":2713,"date":"2017-08-03T13:08:03","date_gmt":"2017-08-03T13:08:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/?p=2713"},"modified":"2026-04-04T13:50:14","modified_gmt":"2026-04-04T13:50:14","slug":"islam-ulkeleri-ekonomik-uygulamalarda-ne-olcude-islami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/islam-ulkeleri-ekonomik-uygulamalarda-ne-olcude-islami\/","title":{"rendered":"To what extent are the economic practices of Islamic countries Islamic?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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George Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden iki \u0130ranl\u0131 akademisyen (S.S. Rahman ve H. Askari) 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0130slami olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ekonomik \u0130slami ilkelerini ne d\u00fczeyde uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in do\u011frudan Kuran\u2019dan ve g\u00fcvenilir hadis kitaplar\u0131ndan yararland\u0131lar ve bu kaynaklarda yer alan ilkelerden hareketle \u201cEkonomik \u0130slamilik Endeksi\u201d (Economic Islamicity Index) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm geli\u015ftirdiler. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Ekonomik \u0130slamilik Endeksi\u2019ni, daha \u00f6nce \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 Katoliklik Ekonomik Endeksi\u2019ne (Catholicity Economic Index) k\u0131yasla daha kolay olu\u015fturduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirttiler.1<\/sup>\u00a0Bunun nedenini \u0130ncil\u2019le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kuran\u2019\u0131n, insan\u0131n sosyal ve \u00f6zel alanlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k kurallar koymas\u0131 ve d\u00fczenlemeler yapmas\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. Bu kurallar ibadet, kendini kontrol, hukuk, bireysel haklar, ekonomik yap\u0131, vergilendirme, ticari ve \u00f6zel anla\u015fmalar, para al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ve bunun gibi daha bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131 ve akademik \u00e7evrelerde \u0130slam dininin do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin ekonomik performanslar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olumsuz etkileri oldu\u011fu konusunda yayg\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi vard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle T. Kuran ve B. Lewis Arap \u00e2leminde uygulanan \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n modernle\u015fmeyi ve geli\u015fmeyi engelledi\u011fini, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kutsal ge\u00e7mi\u015fe d\u00f6nme \u00f6zlemiyle, yeni olan bir\u00e7ok uygulaman\u0131n dogmatik bir \u015fekilde reddedildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.2,3<\/sup>\u00a0T. Kuran, daha ileri giderek, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n kutsal kitab\u0131n\u0131n kadercilik, tembellik, meraks\u0131zl\u0131k, bilime inan\u00e7s\u0131zl\u0131k, bat\u0131l inan\u00e7lar, muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131k ve gelenek\u00e7ili\u011fi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ekonomik geli\u015fmeyi engelledi\u011fini savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>

A. Mirakhor ve H. Askari, T. Kuran\u2019a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Onlara g\u00f6re, son otuz y\u0131ld\u0131r \u0130slam ekonomisi literat\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n en az\u0131ndan iki temel ilkesi konusunda fikir birli\u011fi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar \u201cadalet\u201d ve \u201ce\u015fitliktir\u201d. \u0130slam \u00f6\u011fretisi b\u00fct\u00fcn davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bu iki etik ilkenin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirir.4<\/sup>\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca \u0130slam dini, Bat\u0131l\u0131 yorumcular\u0131n da bir\u00e7ok defa at\u0131fta bulunduklar\u0131 gibi, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131, ticarette k\u00e2r\u0131n me\u015frulu\u011funu, s\u0131k\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gelene\u011fini ve ekonomik ba\u015far\u0131 ile ilahi \u00f6d\u00fcl aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ekonomik geli\u015fmeyi, hatta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc veya zay\u0131f bir kapitalist sistemi d\u0131\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer taraftan \u0130slami ilkeler, sosyal adaletsizlik ve vah\u015fi ekonomik uygulamalarla sa\u011flanacak ekonomik geli\u015fmeyle ba\u011fda\u015fmaz. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, sadece ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n ve isteklerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyeleri i\u00e7in bir g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluktur.5<\/sup><\/p>

\u0130slam ve Ekonomi<\/strong><\/p>

Rahman ve Askari, \u0130slam \u00fclkelerini ekonominin \u00fc\u00e7 ana boyutu \u00fczerinden incelemi\u015ftir. Bu boyutlar,\u00a0hukuk sistemi<\/em>\u00a0ve y\u00f6netim<\/em>,\u00a0insan haklar\u0131 ve politik haklar\u00a0<\/em>ve\u00a0uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler<\/em>\u00a0alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin ekonomik sistem ve politikalar\u0131na ve ekonomik sosyal adalet uygulamalar\u0131na odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130slamiyet\u2019in ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda Medine\u2019de Hz. Muhammed\u2019in uygulamalar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturur. Ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6re g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130slami doktrini uygulamak konusunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar hala devam etmektedir.<\/p>

Ekonomik \u0130slamilik (EI) Endeksi,\u00a0kendini M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kabul eden \u00fclkelerin<\/em>\u00a0izledikleri politikalar\u0131<\/em>,\u00a0ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>\u00a0ve\u00a0\u0130slami ekonomik ilkelerle ilgili uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u00a0de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, t\u00fcm \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin ekonomilerini\u00a0ilkeler<\/em>,\u00a0adalet<\/em>,\u00a0politikalar ve y\u00f6nergeler<\/em>\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirmenin zorlu\u011funu kabul etmi\u015f ancak \u0130slam ekonomik \u00f6\u011fretisini, temel ekonomik dayanaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 ana noktada toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar:<\/p>

  • Ekonomide adaletin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>
  • Refah\u0131n tabana yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yeni i\u015f alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>
  • \u0130slami ekonomik ve finansal uygulamalar\u0131n benimsenmesi<\/li><\/ul>

    Daha sonra \u0130slam \u00f6\u011fretisinin bu \u00fc\u00e7 temel ilkesi on iki ekonomik alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130slami ekonominin bu on iki ilkesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201c\u0130slami Ekonomik Vizyon\u201dun muhtemel bir tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

    1. Ekonomik f\u0131rsat ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>
    2. Ekonomi y\u00f6netiminin her alan\u0131nda adaletin tesisi; m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/li>
    3. \u0130stihdamda f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara iyi davranma<\/li>
    4. Milli gelire g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim harcamas\u0131 ve e\u011fitimde f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fi<\/li>
    5. Fakirli\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yard\u0131m, temel insan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131; ekonomik e\u015fitlik, servet biriktirmenin \u00f6nlenmesi, fazla t\u00fcketimden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>
    6. Gelirin ve zenginli\u011fin e\u015fit da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>
    7. Sosyal refah ve vergilendirme ile daha iyi alt yap\u0131 ve sosyal hizmetlerin sunulmas\u0131<\/li>
    8. Do\u011fal ve t\u00fckenebilir kaynaklar\u0131n iyi y\u00f6netilmesi. Y\u00fcksek tasarruf ve yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>
    9. Piyasada ve b\u00fct\u00fcn ekonomik i\u015flemlerde g\u00fcvenin, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ve y\u00fcksek ahlaki standartlarla sa\u011flanmas\u0131; yolsuzluk olmamas\u0131.<\/li>
    10. \u0130slami Finansal Sistem: Bor\u00e7lanmaya dayanan anla\u015fma yerine risk payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131; destekleyici finansal sistemin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve spek\u00fclasyonun ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>
    11. \u0130slami Finansal Sistem: Faizi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131ran finansal uygulamalar<\/li>
    12. Milli gelire oranla y\u00fcksek ticaret hacmi, d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m, y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde \u00e7evresel koruma, piyasan\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 denetlenmesi; b\u00f6ylece hem ekonomik, hem de genel refah d\u00fczeyinin devlet eliyle sa\u011flanmas\u0131<\/li><\/ol>

      Tablo 1.\u00a0<\/strong>\u0130slami Ekonomik Endeksi S\u0131ralamas\u0131ndaki \u0130lk 20 \u00dclke (n=208)<\/p>
      1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130rlanda<\/td>11. Avusturya<\/td><\/tr>
      2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Danimarka<\/td>12. Hong Kong, \u00c7in<\/td><\/tr>
      3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u00fcksemburg<\/td>13. Kanada<\/td><\/tr>
      4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130sve\u00e7, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k<\/td>14. Avustralya<\/td><\/tr>
      6. \u00a0\u00a0Yeni Zelanda<\/td>15. Hollanda, Amerika<\/td><\/tr>
      7. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Singapur<\/td>17. Fransa<\/td><\/tr>
      8. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Finlandiya<\/td>18. K\u0131br\u0131s<\/td><\/tr>
      9. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Norve\u00e7<\/td>19. \u015eili<\/td><\/tr>
      10. \u00a0Bel\u00e7ika<\/td>20. \u0130zlanda<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>


      Tablo 2.<\/strong>\u00a0Baz\u0131 \u0130slami \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Te\u015fkilat\u0131 \u00dclkeleri ve S\u0131ralamalar\u0131 (n=208)<\/p>
      33. Malezya<\/td>82. Umman<\/td><\/tr>
      42. Kuveyt<\/td>87. L\u00fcbnan<\/td><\/tr>
      54. Kazakistan<\/td>91. Suudi Arabistan<\/td><\/tr>
      55. Brunei<\/td>92. T\u00fcrkmenistan<\/td><\/tr>
      61. Bahreyn<\/td>95. Maldivler<\/td><\/tr>
      64. Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri<\/td>96. K\u0131rg\u0131z Cumhuriyeti<\/td><\/tr>
      71.\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye<\/strong><\/td>99. Uganda<\/td><\/tr>
      72. Tunus<\/td>104. Endonezya<\/td><\/tr>
      74. \u00dcrd\u00fcn<\/td>105. Arnavutluk<\/td><\/tr>
      80. Azerbaycan<\/td>109. Guyana<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

      Rahman ve Askari\u2019nin ara\u015ft\u0131rma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan tablolara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kendini M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kabul eden \u00fclkelerin yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan 12 \u0130slami ekonomik ilkeyi ve bunlara ba\u011fl\u0131 113 parametreyi uygulamakta ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (Tablo 1, Tablo 2). Listede bulunan 56 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkenin, 208 \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ortalama s\u0131ralamas\u0131 133\u2019t\u00fcr. Listenin ilk 32 s\u0131ras\u0131nda tek bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclke yoktur. Listedeki ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclke olan Malezya 33. s\u0131radad\u0131r. Daha sonra Kuveyt (42), Kazakistan (54), Brunei (55), Bahreyn (61), Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri (64) gelmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye bu listede kendisine 71. s\u0131rada yer bulmu\u015ftur (Tablo 2).<\/p>

      Sorumlu kim?<\/strong><\/p>

      1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya ve Japonya cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere yerle bir edilmi\u015f ve kaynaklar\u0131 kurutulmu\u015ftu. Kayda de\u011fer bir yeralt\u0131 zenginli\u011fine sahip olmayan bu iki \u00fclke bug\u00fcn bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin lideridir ve\u00a0d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/em>\u00a0bunu engelleyememi\u015ftir. Bu \u00fclkelerle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerin aralar\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n en temel nedeni, basitle\u015ftirerek s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse,\u00a0\u201ciyi y\u00f6netimle k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netim aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r\u201d<\/em>. Yine basitle\u015ftirerek s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, iyi y\u00f6netimle k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netim aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 belirleyen de\u00a0\u201ca\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kt\u0131r\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>

      Rahman ve Askari\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bize M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerin \u00fclkeleri y\u00f6netmek ve halklar\u0131na refah getirmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iyi bir s\u0131nav vermediklerini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130slam dinine mensup olmayan bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkeleri hayata daha iyi yans\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>

      D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gereken bir ba\u015fka rahats\u0131z edici ger\u00e7ek, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 22 sini olu\u015fturan 1,5 milyar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u0131n, d\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 5,6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131, ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 9\u2019unu, teknoloji ihracat\u0131n\u0131n ise binde 4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeleridir.6<\/sup>\u00a0Elli yedi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkenin toplam \u00fcretimi Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcretiminden daha azd\u0131r.7<\/sup><\/p>

      2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harvard \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde yay\u0131nlanan makale say\u0131s\u0131 17 Arap \u00fclkesinin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcniversitelerinde yay\u0131nlanan makale say\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r.7<\/sup>\u00a0D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun d\u00f6rtte birini olu\u015fturan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 da kapsayarak 114 y\u0131ld\u0131r verilen Nobel bilim \u00f6d\u00fcllerini sadece \u00fc\u00e7 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilim adam\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.6<\/sup><\/p>

      Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>

      Bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015fe uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ilgilenen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e2leminin, bug\u00fcn ekonomik refah a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en geride yer almas\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir? Bu durumu a\u015fmak i\u00e7in, bu konuda en yetkili insanlardan birisi olan eski Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Prof. Dr. Ali Bardako\u011flu\u2019na kulak vermek yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>

      \u201c\u0130slamiyet\u2019te ibadet sadece k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z namaz de\u011fildir. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n imar\u0131na, sulha, bar\u0131\u015fa hizmet eden her davran\u0131\u015f ibadettir\u2026\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00fcretme, hak, hukuk, adalet bir toplumun kalk\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u015feyler yaparsan\u0131z geli\u015firsiniz\u2026Biz M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece inanma ve namaz,\u00a0oru\u00e7, hac gibi belli rit\u00fcelleri yerine getirme olarak alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcrece bu mahcup edici durum devam edecektir. Allah, \u2018D\u00fcnya\u2019ya inanan ve yararl\u0131 i\u015f i\u015fleyenler egemen olacakt\u0131r\u2019 diyor\u2026M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u015feklen dindarla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, d\u00fcnyevile\u015fmeleri de art\u0131yor. \u0130slam, seccadeni ser, ibadetle \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc ge\u00e7ir demiyor\u201d.8<\/sup><\/p>

      Son s\u00f6z:\u00a0<\/strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclkelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve devletin toplum ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, bug\u00fcn \u0130slam \u00e2leminin istenen refah ve geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyinin gerisinde olmas\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenidir.6<\/sup><\/p>

      Kaynak\u00e7a:<\/p>

      1. Rahman SS, Askari H.: An Economic Islamicity Index. Global Economy Journal 2010; 10:3.<\/li>
      2. Kuran T.: Economic underdevelopment in the Middle East: the historical role of culture, instutions and religion [\u0130nternet] Uygun eri\u015fim: http:\/\/www.afd.fr\/webdav\/shared\/PORTAILS\/PUBLICATIONS\/EUDN\/EUDN2007\/kuran.pdf<\/li>
      3. Lewis B.: Root causes. What went wrong: Western impact and Middle Eastern response. New York, Oxford University Press; 2002.<\/li>
      4. Mirakhor A.: A note on Islamic Economics [\u0130nternet] Uygun eri\u015fim: https:\/\/uaelaws.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/05\/a-note-on-islamic-economics.pdf<\/li>
      5. Mirakhor A.: The general charecteristics of economic system. New York, Global Scholarly Publication; 2003.<\/li>
      6. Y\u0131lmaz MY.: Sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel iktidar neden ger\u00e7ekle\u015femiyor? H\u00fcrriyet Gazetesi; 30 May\u0131s 2017.<\/li>
      7. Dorman E.: Hz. Muhammed\u2019i anlamak. H\u00fcrriyet Gazetesi; 30 May\u0131s 2017.<\/li>
      8. \u00d6zbey \u0130.: Kendi yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za fetva verir olduk. H\u00fcrriyet Gazetesi; 28 May\u0131s 2017.<\/li><\/ol>

        Bu ayki makale konusu Sn Prof. Acar Balta\u015f beyin yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r, yaz\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131n\u0131 ile ilgili verdi\u011fi izinden dolay\u0131 kendisine te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim .<\/strong><\/p>

        Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        George Washington \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden iki \u0130ranl\u0131 akademisyen (S.S. Rahman ve H. Askari) 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130slam \u00fclkelerinin ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0130slami olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ekonomik \u0130slami ilkelerini ne d\u00fczeyde uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in do\u011frudan Kuran\u2019dan ve g\u00fcvenilir hadis kitaplar\u0131ndan yararland\u0131lar ve bu kaynaklarda yer alan ilkelerden hareketle \u201cEkonomik \u0130slamilik Endeksi\u201d (Economic Islamicity Index) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm geli\u015ftirdiler. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2714,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2713","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2713"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2713\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2720,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2713\/revisions\/2720"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2713"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bcdturkey.com.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2713"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}